List of References (or Bibliography)

List of References (or Bibliography)

All references cited in the text must be listed in the List of References or Bibliography.  The listing must be ordered in the alphabetical order based on the name of the author that appeared in the citation.  Writing of references in the Bibliography must follow the style outlined in the following examples.

(i)    Examples of references to periodicals

(Take note of how the authors’ names and journal titles are arranged, and also how the volume and page numbers of journals are written. Spaces between words should also be noted )

Single author, journal article   

Ichniowski, C. (1986).  The effects of grievance activity on productivity.  Industrial and 

     Labour Relations Review, 40, 75-89.

Salleh Yahya.  (2003).  The role of ISO 9001: 2000 consultants.  IIUM Journal of

     Economics and Management, 11(2), 143-165.

More than one author, journal article.

Kinnear, L., & Sutherland, M. (2000).  Determinants of organizational commitment

      amongst knowledge workers.  South African Journal of Business Management, 31(3), 

      106-112.

Kinicki, A. J., Carson, K.P., & Bohlander, G. W. (1992).   Relationship between an

      organization’s  actual human resource efforts and employee attitudes.  Group and

      Organization Management, 17, 135-152.

Newspaper article  

Mohd. Ali Hassan (Year, month & date).  Title, Name of newspaper, p.

Chapter in a book 

Salancik, G.R.  (1977).  Commitment and the control of organizational behavior and

     belief.  In B.M. Staw & G.R. Salancik (Eds.), New Directions in Organizational 

     Behavior (pp. 1-54). Chicago: St. Clair Press.

Choudhury, M.A.  (1996).  Why cannot neoclassicism explain resource allocation and

      development in the Islamic political economy? In Ahmed, E. (ed.), Role of Private 

      and  Public Sectors in Economic Development in an Islamic Perspective (pp. 17-44). 

      Herndon, VA:  International Institute of Islamic Thought.

Reference to Entire Books  

Armstrong, M. (1992).  A Handbook of Personnel Management Practice.  London:

       Kogan Page Ltd.

Emory, C. W. (1985).  Business Research Methods (3rd.).  Illinois: Richard D. Irwin.

Proceedings of Meetings and Symposia  

Manjula, J.  (2004).  Knowledge management in organizations:  An essential journey. 

       Proceedings of 2nd National HRM Conference: Gearing Human Resources Towards

       New Dynamism (pp. 88-98).  Pulau Pinang: Penerbit Universiti Utara Malaysia.

Unpublished Doctoral Dissertations and Master’s Theses

Evans, D. L.  (1987).  Human resource planning practices in Southern California 

      hospitals.  Unpublished doctoral dissertation, United States International University.   

Mohammad Naim Ahmad  (1999).  Anteseden komitmen kepada organisasi. 

      Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia.

Web Document 

Roberts, G.E. (1994).  Acceptance of performance appraisal.  Retrieved September 24, 

       2003 from http://www.ignoumeids.ac.in/ignou/erl/articles/HR/5952.html

Elangovan, A.R., & Karakowsky, L. (1999).  The role of trainee and environmental

      factors in transfer of training:  An exploratory framework.  Leadership &

      Organization Development Journal, 20(5), pp. 268-275.  Retrieved September 3, 2003

      from http://www.emerald-library.com  

Quotations

i.    When short quotations (less than 40 words) are taken from the source, these can be incorporated in the text but enclosed by double quotation marks.  Example:

According to Emory (1985, p. 115), even when the research design is ideal, “there is always a question about whether the results are true.”

ii.    When long quotations are taken from a source (more than 40 words), display the quotations in a free-standing block of typewritten lines but without the quotation marks.  Start the quotation block on a new line, indented five spaces from the left margin.  Type double-spaced lines.  If the quotation takes more than one paragraph, then start the new sentence of the new paragraph indented five spaces from the new left margin. 


[Note:  (i) Materials quoted must follow the wording, spelling, and interior punctuation of the original source, even if the source is incorrect.  Students must make sure to check the typed copy with the original source to ensure no discrepancy exists.  (ii) For quotations, write the authors’ names, year and page number of the source.] 


Example of a long quotation:

In summarizing the research finding on the roles of ISO consultants, Salleh Yahya (2003) states that:

In the old ISO 9000 quality assurance systems, consultants often act as knowledge brokers who transfer their codified knowledge of ISO 9000 technical requirements and implementation, which is learnt through the precise ISO 9000 codebook, to the  client’s organization.  They also function as informers or advisers of best practices and ‘know-how’ in ISO implementation to their clients.  (p. 162) 

Text Citations

Ideas, words, findings, figures and others which are taken directly or indirectly from the others must be duly acknowledged by the writer.  To acknowledge others’ works in the text, students must follow certain conventions.  The following examples illustrate some of the conventions when making citations in the text.

i.    Writing the author’s name (s).

Western or English name, use only the surname (or the family name) in the text. For example: John Smith, use Smith.
Malay and Chinese names: Use the whole name or the first name for the Malay, and family name for the Chinese.
Example:  Mohd. Ali Bin Kassim, use Mohd. Ali.
                 Lee Ah Hua, use Lee.


ii.    Citation Style: Author(s)-Year.

For Single Author

When the author is a part of the formal structure of the sentence, the citation is as follows:

Franklin (1998) pointed out that, universities as providers of management education have both privileged opportunities and critical responsibilities to …..

According to Denison (1990), culture refers to underlying values, beliefs, and principles that serve as …….
   
When the author of the source is not part of the formal structure of the sentence, the citation is as follows:

As the average inter-item correlation is low, Cronbach,s alpha will be low.  As the average inter-item correlation increases, Cronbach’s alpha increases as well (Santos, 1999).

(Note the way the author and year are written for each condition or situation.)


For Multiple Authors 

Similar style is used for multiple authors, but with the use of “and” and “&” as follows:

•    Mallak and Kurstedt (1996) introduce their model of participative management….

•    It reflects the enforcement of rules, conformity, and attention to technical matters (Denison & Spreitzer, 1991).

•    The Legitimacy Model (Miles & Cameron, 1982; Zammuto, 1982) considers organizational effectiveness in terms of contextual measure….

[Note (1) semi colon separates the two sources of information, and  (2) the sources are arranged in alphabetical order]

When many authors are found in one source, use “et al.” for second time citation. For example:

•    Mohd. Ali, Lee, Smith and Bradner (1990) found that …..   (First time citation)
Mohd. Ali et al. (1983) found that …. (second citation and onwards).
The knowledge obtained through this process must be retained (Mohd. Ali et al., 1983).

Same Authors over several works and Several Years

Several studies by the same author in one year are referred to by the writer, then the citation is as follows:
•    Mohd. Ali (1990a, 1990b, 1990c)

Several studies by the same author over several years are referred to by the writer, then citation is as follows:
•    Mohd. Ali (1990, 1991, 1993).

When the citation is not taken directly from the source

Ridley and Mendoza developed a model based on interrelated organizational processes which was used primarily as a tool for management consultants (as cited by Rojas, 2000).
[Cite only the study that you have read in the Reference List—in this case it is Rojas (2000)].