Innovation

OUMM2103

ENTREPRENEURSHIP

Innovation
1.0 INTRODUCTION

Nowadays, innovation is no longer a new thing. At the age of modern technology, each company must have their own innovations. Innovation is “a change in a product offering, service, business model or operations which meaningfully improves the experience of a large number of stakeholders” (Hutch Carpenter, 2010). In this task, I will discuss 4 types of innovation stated above based on Apple Company.

1.1 Organization Background

Apple was founded in April 1976 by Steve Wozniak, 26 years old, and Steve Jobs, 21, both are college dropouts. Their main business is based on a personal computer with the Apple computer as their first product.
The company designs, manufactures, and markets personal computers, software, and peripherals, concentrating on lower-cost, uniquely designed computers such as iMAC and Power Macintosh models. Most of the products produced are easily accessible user interface. The company, which was started using just only US1300, now produces many types of computers and portable electronics devices such as iPhone, iPod and iPad. Among its many innovations, the company introduced the graphics-based user interface to computers, the single disc for controlling iPod menus and functions, and touch-screen control of applications on the iPhone. Something interesting about their desktop and laptop computers is that it has its own operating system. They also makes iPod multimedia players and iPhone mobile phones.

There are many ways to slice innovation. Generally, there are four types of innovation ;

a. Invention : This is totally new idea. It as a pioneer in a new idea to be introduced.
b. Extension : It is like expansion from the current products or services they provide. In this context, innovation is made in different areas of the existing business.
c. Duplication : Adding new features to the product. “A process of replication of existing product, service or process” (Entrepreneurship, 2011).
d. Synthesis : This is a combination of two or more elements or ideas to create new products or services.

2.0 Invention Aspect

As is generally known, Apple has its own operating system. starting from a personal computer and laptop, they explore and construct a special operating system for their other products like iPods and iPhones. Latest operating system for computers they coached be named OS X Lion. While the latest iPhone operating system they built was iOS5 that can be uploaded for free by the owner of the iPhone handset. IOS5 operating system provides an opportunity for users to make multi-touch when using their iPhone. They indict, this operating system is the most advanced operating system for smart phones. With its easy-to-use interface, amazing features, and rock-solid stability, iOS is the foundation of iPhone. And even as others try to catch up, the technologies and features built into iOS keep iPhone years ahead.
Their operating system built specifically used only for their own products. It is not owned by other companies or other individuals.

2.1 Impact from Invention

Result of its own operating system construction, the company Apple was able to rake in huge profits in a short time. History has proved, one thing that is interesting when Apple makes invention is that they became the first personal computer company to reach annual sales of $ 1 billion in 1982. A major impact on companies is that they can make big profits in a short time. For example, they can make a profit from the new operating system is built. This is because other companies cannot copy or sell the Apple operating system in a short time. Results from the invention of the operating system, Apple has managed to secure a large profit. “Apple® today announced financial results for its fiscal 2011 fourth quarter ended September 24, 2011. The Company posted quarterly revenue of $28.27 billion and quarterly net profit of $6.62 billion, or $7.05 per diluted share. These results compare to revenue of $20.34 billion and net quarterly profit of $4.31 billion, or $4.64 per diluted share, in the year-ago quarter. Gross margin was 40.3 percent compared to 36.9 percent in the year-ago quarter”.(Steve Dowling, 2011). On August 9, 2011, Apple briefly surpassed oil and gas company Exxon to become the United States' largest company.

3.0 Extension Aspect

There are no major or specific extension in Apple industry. However, the Apple company made some expansion in the field of advertising to expand their business. In addition to pioneering the field of operating system and Internet, Apple has expanded its business in the area of the tablet-based advertising. This idea is a reflection of Apple products like the iPad tablet.
Apple has built a social advertising network specially for tablet PC users. It's called iAd. The iAd Gallery is a celebration of advertising, featuring iAd campaigns from some of the world's best brands and their advertising partner. The iAd Gallery gives you easy access to a selection of the fun and informative ads that have run in some of your favorite apps. IAD is very useful for travelers who want a first class service. They can choose luxurious hotels and rental cars through advertising that is displayed in the IAD. With this technology, we can browse, search, read about, and interact with ads from leading brands from around the world.

3.1 Impact from Extension

In the near future, the field of advertising is expected to be more advanced. If we see today, online advertising was mainly focused on personal computers, mobile phones and TV and radio. Do not be surprised if in 2 or 3 years to come, there appeared the special advertising for all the tablets on the market. This is because Apple is a giant tablet manufacturers have started earlier this clever idea and it is possible to be followed by another manufacturer. It will be a new trend in the advertising world in the future.

4.0 Duplication Aspect

As we know, use a phone only for making calls and sending short messaging service. in modern technology, mobile phone functions have been enhanced to feature a more sophisticated, such as Internet browsing, watching videos on-line and so on. In this context, Apple is also not left behind in upgrading their products. For example, iPhone Apple now has features that can surf the Internet and high definition television called AirPlay. With AirPlay, you can wirelessly stream what’s on your iPhone, to your HDTV and speakers via Apple TV. This is a new function introduced by Apple. Functions of the iPhone has been enhanced as a medium of entertainment other than to communicate. This advantage is only available for Apple products only. Other smartphone manufacturers are still focused on communications and the Internet only.

4.1 Impact from Duplication

Apple has created great changes in the world of entertainment. With high-definition television called AirPlay is connected to the internet via iPhone, Apple has changed the way we live. The past, we can only watch TV at home, restaurant or at the shop only. But it is different now when we can watch TV anywhere with the iPhone. According to the pattern of modern life and fast, gadgets like the iPhone is very popular and is a must for everyone. So, no surprise that today's young people live a life different from 20 years ago. Communication between us is becoming more easily and quickly with Apple technologies. For example, we can communicate online via facebook using iPhone or iPad only.

5.0 Synthesis Aspect

Apple Inc has a great variety of products in terms of internet and computer technology. Combination of Apple's iPhone and personal computers has resulted in a medium sized iPad and easily carried anywhere. Functions in iPad is a combination of the two functions of personal computers owned by Apple and the iPhone. For example, every iPad is built with advanced 802.11n wireless technology. It automatically finds Wi-Fi networks, which you can join with a few taps. iPad is also available with 3G connectivity. So if you’re somewhere without Wi-Fi, such as outdoors on a camping trip or on the road, you can still surf the web, check email, or get directions. iPad now comes with IOS. IOS is the operating system for iPad. It lets you see and do everything just by touching the screen. It includes all the powerful, innovative, and fun built-in apps you use every day.

5.1 Impact from Synthesis

Extensive use of IPAD in the organization has brought positive changes to the organization. For example, Hyatt hotels and resorts. They have been using the iPad in business administration, hotel bookings up to the payment. With iPad, Hyatt managers have an immediate, full-size view of their email, contacts, calendars, financial data, and other business resources wherever they are. Hyatt is also developing iPad-accessible apps that allow guests to order room service, view hotel amenities, review charges, and check out. The portability, large screen, and long battery life of iPad make it uniquely suited to the round-the-clock, perpetual-motion world of hospitality. Imagine a large convention center hotel where there are 1000 people wanting to check out at the same time. “Now we’re able to empower hotel staff with iPads and allow them to quickly and easily check out guests.” (Prusnick, 2011). With a combination of Internet technology and the iPad, Hyatt Hotel staff work much easier and faster. It also can save customers valuable time. Indirectly to enhance the image and then continued making great profits.

6.0 Impact from Innovation

Competition between manufacturers of tablets and smart phones also have a negative impact to Apple company. For example, recently, Apple claimed that the look, feel and design of Samsung's products as their products. This is a challenge and a reminder of the Apple company to be more careful in building design and operational systems in the near future. For fans of Apple products who are looking for uniqueness and difference, this is something serious and they will feel cheated. This has somewhat affected sales of Apple's own products as suspected of being copied by other competitors.
Other negative effects are considered serious at present is the distribution of pornography on the internet. 10 years ago, we're controlling the circulation of substances on the internet. This is because at that time, only those who have computers and internet only able to upload or download information. moreover, the price of computers at that time cannot be bought by everyone. Unlike in the present, almost all teenagers and young people have mobile phones that can connect to the internet. Distribution of pornographic images or videos is happening so fast and cannot be blocked easily.
No doubt innovation has brought tremendous benefits to us. For example, as a result of product innovation such as the iPhone Apple has given space for us to communicate via the internet no matter where we are. Unlike the old days, we need a long time to send the news by telegram.

7.0 CONCLUSION

In general, innovation in an organization is a must for them to achieve excellent performance. In our country, various competitions and awards held by the government to encourage government and non government bodies implement innovation in their organizations.
While the founders of Apple once said “Innovation has nothing to do with how many R&D dollars you have. When Apple came up with the Mac, IBM was spending at least 100 times more on R&D. It’s not about money. It’s about the people you have, how you’re led, and how much you get it.” (Steve Jobs, 1998). From the passage above clearly shows the innovation is not something that requires money. It stemmed from the new ideas from individuals or groups who want a unique thing in the creation of new ideas.
Sophistication of technology has provided many benefits in our daily lives.. However, despite all this, there are things harmful to our generation today and future. For example, today's generation is less interaction because of being too preoccupied with the Internet smart phones. As we have seen in the clinics, the LRT stations, bus stations and public places, people today with their case with their smartphone.They sometimes forget the situation in front of or next to them. This makes our generation is not aware of what is happening around them. They are not sensitive to their surroundings. This opens opportunities for criminals, especially foreigners commit crimes such as theft, robbery, indecent, etc.
Has been recognized innovation has brought tremendous benefits in our lives. many new products in the market is derived from the innovations made by the staff of the company. If there is no innovation is done, then our technology will not thrive as it is now. We may only use existing products without making any changes to the product.


REFERENCES
http://www.cloudave.com/202/definition-of-innovation
http://www.apple.com
http://9to5mac.com/2011/10/17/apples-investments-outside-rd-spur-in

A Complaint About Frozen Lamb

OUMH2203

ENGLISH FOR WORKPLACE COMMUNICATION

Topic : A Complaint About Frozen Lamb



To : Mr. Zamberi Bin Said, Branch Manager
From : Aza Ali, Store Manager
Date : 28 Oktober 2011
Subject : A Complaint About Frozen Lamb

1.0 INTRODUCTION
The purpose of this report is to submit customers’ complaints regarding some frozen lamb delivered by a supplier has a peculiar taste. For your information, this is the first time I received such complaints. I hope to sustain our customers’ trusts and these complaints will destroy their confidence in us.
I would like to make a few suggestions in order to improve our frozen products maintenance. Immediate actions must be taken as soon as possible in order to sustain our reputation in the market. If we delay in taking action to overcome this problem, we may lose most of our regular customers and suffer a big loss in a near future. I have paid a visit to the factory that supplied us the frozen lamb three days ago. I have also visited the frozen food storage in our hypermarket.
There are several conditions that might have caused these problems and some recommendations and suggestions will be laid out in this report for consideration. I hope that the recommendations will be taken into consideration and necessary actions will be taken as soon as you finished reading this report.

BODY CONTENT
Last week we received five complaints from five different customers regarding the peculiar taste of our frozen lamb that was delivered by our regular supplier. An email from a customer complaining about this matter is enclosed with this report. There are a few possible problems that may have caused the frozen lamb to develop a peculiar taste. As we all know, we are a large dependant company which has a huge network throughout the country. Therefore, this complaint should not happen and an immediate action should be taken in order to overcome this serious problem.

2.0 POSSIBLE PROBLEMS
2.1 Supplier Careless
The first possible cause which may have contribute into the peculiar taste in frozen lamb; the supplier might be careless in handling the frozen lamb. May be the temperature was not right causing the lamb to lose its freshness. We must make the supplier aware of this problem and hope that they will check and improve their storage method as soon as possible. From the observations during my visit to the supplier’s factory, the van used to deliver frozen lamb is not equipped with modern freezer. This will definitely affect the quality of frozen lamb during the process of transmission.
I also found out that the supplier used an old and outdated freezer to store the frozen lamb. They change the freezer temperature manually based on the level of cold frozen lamb. They rise in temperature of the freezer when lamb frozen and drop the temperature when frozen lamb is tender. This act may be affective in order to save on electricity costs, but it has affected the quality of the frozen lamb.
There are methods for storing fresh lamb safely. The first rule of thumb is to never allow lamb to be exposed to heat or left at room temperature. “Once purchased, lamb must be properly stored to prevent the meat from going bad. The ideal temperature should be below 0 degrees. “ (Saad Fayed, 2011).

2.2 Freezers failed
The second possible cause; our own freezers might already failed to function properly due to overused and such freezers cannot bear the capacity of frozen food stored there. For the past few months, our order capacity had increased tremendously due to customers’ request for frozen lamb. Some meat was not be stored in a freezer due to the storage box is full. These conditions cause the meat left outside the freezer for 12 hours before admission into the freezer room to lose its freshness.
According to Martins-seafresh.co.uk website, they recommend the -18 ° C storage for frozen meat all the time before use. I strongly suggest that we purchase new freezers specially for storing frozen lamb only. This will prevent the supplied meat to be left out of the freezer in the long term. Thus able to maintain the freshness of meat that we bought.

2.3 Full of Storage
The third possible reason; there are so many types of frozen food stored in our freezers such as fish, chicken, sausages, burgers which has affected the quality of frozen lamb that has been stored together in the same freezer. The mixture of different types of food seemed to influence the freshness of frozen lamb. This problem is similar to the second problem. We do not have a large space to store frozen food. Other fresh products such as fish can not be stored in the freezer for a long time. Fish can only be stored for 8 months while the frozen lamb can be stored up to 10 months.
From my monitoring on our frozen storage box, I found that frozen products stored are not labeled with the manufacturing and expiring date. I cannot identify which frozen food that has expired in the storage. Fish stored for more than eight months is not removed from the freezer causing it to stink and affect other frozen items including fresh goat meat that has just arrived. Besides, the different smells of chicken, fish, beef burgers and sausages also damaged the quality of our fresh lamb.

2.4 Using Chemical or Additive
The fourth possible reason; the usage of chemical or additives in order to prolong the freshness of frozen lamb might contribute to the peculiar taste. As we know, additives or chemicals have been used to preserve color and freshness of frozen meat. Commonly used method is Packaging gases: “These are the gases other than air, placed in a container before, during or after the introduction of a foodstuff in that container. They protect foods against deterioration caused by oxygen or air. Carbon dioxide (E290) and nitrogen (E941) are the gas-conditioning the most used (carbon dioxide is also a Conservative). “(M.EL Atyqy, 2011). We never see how the supplier of goat meat packing supplied by them. They might use monoxida carbon gas which can be harmful to our customers or the actual quality of frozen lamb. Some meat is packaged in modified atmosphere packaging with a gas mix of 70% nitrogen, 29.6% carbon dioxide and 0.4 % carbon monoxide (CO) (Metlet Toledo, 2009). Most chemicals can hold fresh meat up to 23 days. However, it can cause illness if it exceeds the specified date.
We must take action by sending a sample of frozen lamb delivered by that specific supplier for inspection of the chemical content. For your information, we have never sent any sample of our frozen food to the chemical department for testing. This is a very important to ensure that the goat meat purchased from a supplier does not contain chemicals that may harm the buyer.

3.0 SUGGESTIONS
In order to overcome this situation, we must take necessary steps to make changes in order to improve our products and services. Starting early next month, we should have a target of zero complaints from customers. There are some steps that we can take into consideration:

3.1 Supplier Responsibility
Make sure the supplier will take full responsibility in maintaining the frozen lamb during storage and delivery. We can send a reminder letter to the supplier so that they more cautious and careful when handling frozen lamb for us. We can check the quality of the frozen lamb upon receipt from the supplier. If they failed to do this, we can consider in getting another supplier that is more reliable and trustworthy. We can also recommend to the supplier to replace the old conventional freezer with the modern model, as well as the van equipped with freezer that they use to deliver the frozen lamb. When they have a better quality freezer and a new van equipped with freezer, suppliers will be able to maintain the temperature below 0 degrees celsius while delivering our frozen lamb.

3.2 Purchasing new freezers

Purchasing new freezers that are more reliable and heavy duty can also be taken into consideration. We can isolate the frozen food and lambs according to their categories and this will avoid the frozen food from affecting each other. This will preserve the quality and taste of the frozen food. Based on my visit, I would like to recommend that we purchase three new freezers in order to meet the needs of our frozen goods. The cost for each new freezer is RM 7,000 and the total cost of purchasing new freezers is approximately RM 21,000.

3.3 Investigation committee

We must set up an investigation committee that will be in charge of visiting and evaluating frozen food and frozen lambs stored at the supplier’s centre. Reports must be submitted weekly. This committee will monitor the storage and distribution of frozen lamb which we ordered. This committee must also determine the expiry date that should be labelled packed mutton received by us. Indirectly, we can identify frozen lamb that have been stored too long time and should be sold immediately prior to their expiry dates.

3.4 Diversify Products

Other than selling frozen lambs, we can also diversify the selling of frozen lambs. We can cut the lambs into correct pieces and marinate them for sale. This will give the customers more choices when purchasing frozen lambs. In this way, the original freshness of the meat will be preserved. We can increase profits by diversifying the selling of frozen lamb.


4.0 Conclusion
The cause of the problem is so complex. There are many factors that might have contributed into developing the peculiar taste in the frozen lamb sold at our hypermarket. A discussion or meeting must be held immediately in order to determine the action that have to be taken to overcome this serious problem. We do not want the problems that occurred in one of our branches to affect the integrity and reputation of other branches. We must maintain the trust of our customers and hold up the reputation that we have now.
If we want to buy new freezers, the cost and budget shall be incorporated into the upcoming budget. Besides, the cost for electricity will increase if the quantity of freezers is increased. We also need a strong marketing strategy in order to gain a large profit to cover the total cost of increased electricity bills. We also need to take into account the extra space to house the new freezers that will be purchased. In addition, additional labor is required for the work of storing and lifting frozen goods. Other alternatives, that we can take into consideration, is paying overtime wages to existing employees who are capable of doing the extra work.
Based on the third proposal, an investigation committee will be set up as soon as possible. The candidates of the committee are our existing employees and no doubt this will affect their current work. They will conduct a visit at least once a week to the supplier’s factory. They are also required to submit periodic reports every week. This extra work will interfere their focus on existing work. Therefore, a comprehensive plan of action must be planned in a meeting to be held soon.
In general, some of the actions suggested will require expensive cost and involve a large change in our workforce. But if we solve the root of these problems that pitted our customers are 100% due to our suppliers. We can recommend the effective steps as stated in the proposal (a) above.
With this report, I include a memo inviting all Branch Managers to discuss about the peculiar taste of frozen lamb problems that we are experiencing. I hope you can attend the meeting which will be held next week.

REFERENCES
http://www.mideastfood.about.com/od/tipsandtechniques/a/lambstorage.htm
http://www.martins-seafresh.co.uk/frozen_facts.htm
http://www.azaquar.com/en/iaa/index.php?cible=gia_additifs_2
http://us.mt.com/global/en/home/supportive_content/product_information/Retail_AMI_Case_Ready_Meats.rxHgAwXLlLnPBMDSzq--.ExternalFileComponent.html/Case_Ready_Meats.pdf


APPENDICES
Appendix 1

Jemilah bt. Jabbar
1689 Lorong Selasih ¼
Taman Selasih
50450 Kuala Lumpur 09 Oktober 2011

Store Manager
Hypermarket Mega
Lembah Keramat
54200 Kuala Lumpur
Dear Sir,
Subject: A Complaint Regarding Peculiar Taste in Frozen Lamb
I would like to attract your attention to the subject mentioned above regarding a very peculiar taste in frozen lamb purchased from your hypermarket.
Yesterday morning (8th Oktober 2011), I have purchased two packs of frozen lamb weighing 1 kilogram each at your hypermarket nearby. I have prepared the meat for lunch immediately after arriving home that morning. For your information, I have been cooking lamb meat for years and this is the first time that I have experienced a very weird and peculiar taste in the meat. My family also complained about the weird taste. We were worried if the lamb meat had gone bad already and might cause stomach discomfort afterwards. There was no weird smell during the preparation of the meat. The texture and color of the meat was also normal. Only the taste was a little bitter and definitely not normal at all.
I have been purchasing frozen lamb from your hypermarket for quite some time now and I was very pleased with its quality and freshness, but this recent event has made me a little worried to purchase more frozen lamb from your hypermarket again.
I hope you will investigate this matter thoroughly in order to determine why the frozen lamb generated such peculiar taste and I am very sure that I am not the only one who is complaining about this problem.
I hope this letter will help you to improve your service and products. I also hope this letter will make your hypermarket take a more serious safety steps in selling high quality frozen lambs which are fresh and well preserved for the customers.
I hope to hear from you very soon regarding this matter. I thank you for your attention.
Yours sincerely,
Jemilah bt. Jabbar


Appendix 2

MEMO

To: All Branch Managers
From: Store Manager
Date: 15 November 2011
Subject: A MEETING REGARDING CUSTOMERS’ COMPLAINTS ABOUT PECULIAR TASTE IN FROZEN LAMB PURCHASED
Dear Sir/Madam,
I hereby would like to attract your attention to the subject mentioned above.
For your information, recently we have received five complaints regarding peculiar taste in frozen lamb purchased at our hypermarket in Lembah Keramat. All of them complained about the bitter taste in the meat.
The complaints are very serious and therefore we are calling a meeting to discuss this matter. The meeting will be held as stated below:
Date : 20 November 2011
Time : 9.00 am
Place : Alpha Meeting Room, 3rd Floor, Headquarters Hypermarket Mega
Chairman: General Manager, Hypermarket Mega
Agenda: Please check attachment A

Along with this memo I have attached a full report about this matter for your reference before the meeting. Your attendance is very much appreciated and I hope we can reach into a strong decision to overcome this problem as soon as possible.
Thank you very much for your attention.
Yours sincerely,
Aza Ali


Attachment A
AGENDA
A MEETING REGARDING CUSTOMERS’ COMPLAINTS ABOUT PECULIAR TASTE IN FROZEN LAMB PURCHASED

1. Call meeting to order/ welcome / open meeting
2. Matters arising
3. Possible cause of the problem
4. Suggestions
5. Conclusions
6. Appointment of Investigation Committee Members
7. Any other business
8. Arrange/announce due dates and details of next meeting
9. Adjournment of Meeting

Network Topology

1.0 INTRODUCTION
Today, there are various types of networks, including local area network (LAN) and wide area network (WAN). The largest network in the world is the Internet. All of these networks has its own design according to the required network. Network design is also known as network topology. One definition of the network topology is “In communication networks, a topology is a usually schematic description of the arrangement of a network, including its nodes and connecting lines” (TechTarget, 2010).
There are two ways of defining network geometry, the physical topology and the logical topology. The physical topology of a network is the actual geometric layout of workstations. Whereas logical or signal topology refers to the nature of the paths the signals follow from node to node. In many instances, the logical topology is the same as the physical topology. But this is not always the case. For example, some networks are physically laid out in a star configuration, but they operate logically as bus or ring networks.
In this task, I will discuss the bus topology, ring topology, star topology and mesh topology. Each topology have their own advantages and disadvantages. Design of network topology depends on the use of network requirements and the total cost required. I will discuss the overview, implementation, practical application, advantages and disadvantages of each topology.

2.0 Bus Topology

According to ask.com, they define bus topology as “It is when multiple clients are connected together using a single communication line that they share”. A bus topology is also known as a bus network. Bus topology usually use an ethernet network. It operating in a computer or device connected to a computer or other devices using only one cable. The cable in the bus topology is called the backbone. When needed, other computers can be added between the backbone.

Bus topology construction design is very simple and reliable. This is because if a node fails to operate, other nodes are not affected and can still connect to the internet. Figure 1.0 below shows the picture of the bus network. Bus topologies are usually built using coaxial cable (10BASE-2 and 10BASE-5). But one thing to remember, “These cables are more expensive than simple twisted-pair cables. In the case of 10BASE-5, the cable is not very flexible and can be difficult to route through wall or ceiling structures”(Freeopenbook, 2011).

2.1 Implementation & Example of Bus Topology

Bus networks use a common backbone to connect all devices. A single cable, the backbone functions as a shared communication medium that devices attach into with an interface connector. Bus topology is a network topology which all of the nodes from the network are connected to a common transmission medium which has exactly two endpoints. Since the bus topology use only one cabel, it is much cheaper to implement when compared to other topologies.

Bus topology is particularly suitable for small business. Such as law firms. Several computers can be connected directly to the internet using the bus topology. Network can be altered or added in accordance with current requirements. Besides, internet access for every computer is not interrupted if another computer cut off from the Internet.


2.2 Advantages & Disadvantages of Bus Topology

Bus topology also has its own advantages and disadvantages as in the table 1.0 below.

Advantages
• Easy to implement and extend as necessary
• Very cheap and easy. Only one main cable connecting all to the stations together.
• Reduces the time and cost of installation.
• Easy troubleshooting.
• It is best suited for small networks

  Disadvantages
• The cable length is limited
• This network topology can perform well only for a limited number of nodes.
• Entire network shuts down if there is a break in the main cable.
• Difficult to identify the problem if the entire network shuts down.
• As the number of workstations increase, the speed of the network slows down.
Table 1.0

Bus topology diagram is as figure 1.0.


Figure 1.0

3.0 Ring Topology
The second type o topology is the ring topology. “A ring topology is a network topology or circuit arrangement in which each network device is attached along the same signal path to two other devices, forming a path in the shape of a ring”(akshaya bhatia R K, 2008). All messages travel through a ring in the same direction, either clockwise or counterclockwise. A failure in any cable or device breaks the loop and will take down the entire system.
Token Ring is an example of a ring topology. Token Ring networks support three types of cable: Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP), IBM Cabling System Shielded Twisted Pair (STP), and Fiber Optic. This allows the designer of a Token Ring network to use the cable type which will work the best in their environment network.

3.1 Implementation & Example of Ring Topology

To implement a ring network we use the Token Ring technology. A Token is passed from one computer to another which enables each computer to have equal access to the network. To implement a ring network, one typically uses FDDI, SONET, or Token Ring technology. In any event, data goes around the ring, and each computer has both a downstream neighbour and an upstream neighbour. The ring is an active topology, because each computer regenerates the signal before passing it on.
Ring topology is commonly used in office buildings. This is because the relationship between the client computer does not require as much or as separate server. It is only connected through the hub. Ring topology also runs around a school campus or collection of buildings to form a high-speed backbone network.



3.2 Advantages & Disadvantages of Ring Topology

Advantages and disadvantages of ring topology described in the table 2.0 below ;

Advantages Disadvantages
• Performs better than a bus topology under heavy network load.
• Does not require a central node to manage the connectivity between the computers
• Very orderly network where every device has access to the token and the opportunity to transmit
• To manage the connectivity between the computers it doesnt need network server. • Bandwidth is shared on all links between devices
• Token Ring networks using STP cable can be very difficult to physically install due to the size, weight, and stiffness of the STP cable
• One malfunctioning workstation can create problems for the entire network
• One malfunctioning workstation can throw away the entire network.

Table 2.0

Ring topology diagram is as figure 2.0.


Figure 2.0


4.0 Star Topology
“Star Network Topology requires the use of a central top level node to which all other nodes are connected. This top level node may be a computer, or a simple switch, or just a common connection point”.(Raj Jain, 2008). In local area networks with a star topology, each network is connected to a central hub with a point-to-point connection. Data on a star network passes through the hub, switch, or concentrator before continuing to its destination.
4.1 Implementation & Example of Star Topology

Compared to the bus topology, a star network normally requires more cable. All traffic that traverses the network passes through the central hub. This hub will acts as a signal repeater. We can consider that the star topology is the easiest topology to design and implement. But, a failure in any star network cable will only take down one computer network access and not the entire local area network. But if the hub fails, the entire network also fails.
Many home networks use the star topology. A star network features a central connection point called a "hub" that may be a hub, switch or router. Devices typically connect to the hub with Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) Ethernet. However, it can also be used with coaxial cable or fiber optic cable.
4.2 Advantages & Disadvantages of Star Topology.

Advantages and disadvantages of star topology described in the table 3.0 below ;
Advantages Disadvantages
• No server required
• Can create much larger network using Token Ring
• Easy to add new nodes without any disruption
• A failure of the cable will only affect one node
• More secure connection as data is sent directly between nodes • One malfunctioning workstation can create problems for the entire network.
• Any changes to any devices can affect the network.
• Network adapter cards are much more expensive than Ethernet cards and hubs.
• Slower than an Ethernet network under normal load.
Table 3.0

Star topology diagram is as figure 3.0.




Figure 3.0

5.0 Mesh Topology
Mesh topology is defined as “The organization of sharing access points working in harmony is known as the mesh topology”. (Don Moskaluk, 2010) The defined mesh topology of a given area defined by the access points is known as mesh cloud. Access to this mesh cloud is dependent on the network created by the access points.
There are two types of mesh topologies: full mesh and partial. In Full Mesh topology each node is connected to every other node in the network. In partial mesh topology every node is not connected to each node in the network.
5.1 Implementation & Example of Mesh Topology

Mesh topology is one of the network architectures in which devices are connected with many redundant interconnections between network nodes such as switches and routers. Each computer is connected to every other computer by separate cabling. This topology is not commonly used or implement for most computer networks because it is difficult and expensive to have redundant connection to every computer. In a mesh topology if any cable or node fails, there are many other ways for two nodes to communicate.
Mesh topology using thicknet coaxial cable or fiber optic cable. This topology is commonly used for wireless networks. As we know, many places such as private sector buildings, schools and other public areas are equipped with wireless technology.

5.2 Advantages & Disadvantages of Mesh Topology

Advantages and disadvantages of mesh topology described in the table 4.0 below ;
Advantages Disadvantages
• Efficient when one node fails, others continue to work without disruption
• Network can be easily expanded anytime
• In one particular instance you can send the data from one node to many nodes
• Message travels along dedicated link, it gives mesh topology is more secure
• Ease of troubleshooting • Quite expensive since a higher length of cable is required.
• Implementation can be a very arduous task.
• Setup and maintenance of this topology is very difficult.
• High chances of redundancy in many of the network connections.
Table 4.0

Mesh topology diagram is as figure 4.0.


Figure 4.0


TASK B
6.0 Choosing a network topology for a SME
I am tasked to build a network for small and medium industries which has branches throughout Malaysia. After many consideration, I choose the bus network topology to be implemented. The following is the consideration that I do:
• Length of cable needed. The linear bus network uses shorter lengths of cable. This indirectly saves the company money.
• Future growth. With a bus topology, expanding a network is easily done. suitable for short-term planning if you want to increase the number of computers in quantities less than 10 units per branch. However, in the long run it is not suitable if you want to upgrade the system to the massive-scale network.
• Easy troubleshooting. During troubleshooting, only the connection to the bus line must be made or disconnected.
• High rate of data tansmittion. Is suitable for many branches throughout the country that always require medium data transfer
• Failure of one of the station does not affect others. If a branch has an Internet connection problem, this condition does not interfere with other branches.

As a small and medium companies, the cost is a major factor taken into account. Thus, the bus topology is the right choice because of low construction costs. Besides, the bus topology is also easy to be upgraded in the future. Besides, it is easily maintained by IT administrators in their respective branches. The main aspects of the most important thing is there is no interference between the branch network. Internet activities of other branches is not affected if one of the branch have internet problem.


7.0 REFERENCES
http://fcit.usf.edu/network/chap5/chap5.htm
http://www.moskaluk.com/Mesh/wireless_mesh_topology.htm
http://it.toolbox.com/wiki/index.php/Ring_Topology
http://www.answers.com/topic/ring-network
http://www.datacottage.com/nch/troperation.htm
http://compnetworking.about.com/od/networkdesign/a/topologies.htm
http://www.cs.wustl.edu/~jain/cse567-08/ftp/topology/index.html
http://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/network-topologies.html
http://www.freeopenbook.com/upgrading-repairing-networks/ch13lev1sec4.html
http://www.firewall.cx/networking-topics/general-networking/103-network-topologies.html
http://www.computerhope.com/jargon/m/mesh.htm
http://www.edrawsoft.com/Mesh-Network.php
http://www.completepcpedia.com/mesh_topology.html